Puerto Rico

=”” excerpted=”” from:=”” bräutigam,=”” a.=”” and=”” k.=”” l.=”” eckert.=”” 2006.=”” turning=”” the=”” tide:=”” exploitation,=”” trade=”” management=”” of=”” marine=”” turtles=”” in=”” lesser=”” antilles,=”” central=”” america,=”” colombia=”” venezuela.=”” traffic=”” international,=”” cambridge,=”” uk.=”” nicaragua’s=”” constitution=”” serves=”” as=”” fundamental=”” legal=”” basis=”” for=”” natural=”” resource=”” protection=”” management.=”” it=”” also=”” sets=”” stage=”” dichotomy=”” turtle=”” that=”” bedevils=”” country=”” today.=”” article=”” 60=”” obliges=”” state=”” to=”” preserve,=”” conserve=”” restore=”” environment=”” resources=”” establish=”” appropriate=”” structures=”” measures=”” fulfill=”” this=”” mandate.=”” 89=”” recognizes=”” rights=”” caribbean=”” coastal=”” communities=”” preserve=”” develop=”” their=”” cultural=”” identity=”” within=”” context=”” national=”” identity,=”” including=”” own=”” forms=”” social=”” local=”” political=”” organization=”” accordance=”” with=”” traditions;=”” finally,=”” use=”” country’s=”” (marena,=”” 2001).=”” from=”” foundation=”” has=”” arisen=”” a=”” large=”” body=”” provisions=”” pertain=”” specifically=”” or=”” generally=”” nicaragua.=”” these=”” laws=”” have=”” taken=”” many=”” differ=”” weight=”” they=”” carry=”” are=”” dispersed=”” time,=”” applicability=”” (e.g.=”” some=”” apply=”” pacific,=”” atlantic=”” coast),=”” implementation.=”” complicating=”” implementation=”” is=”” autonomous=”” status=”” regions,=”” raan=”” raas.=”” recognition=”” need=”” simple,=”” coherent=”” framework=”” address=”” full=”” breadth=”” conservation=”” nicaragua=”” support=”” development=”” plan,=”” analyses=”” relevant=”” laws,=”” resolutions,=”” other=”” instruments=”” been=”” undertaken,=”” objective=”” strengthening=”” existing=”” adopting=”” new=”” providing=”” revocation=”” proved=”” ineffective=”” (cites-nicaragua,=”” 2002;=”” lagueux=”” et=”” al.,=”” c.=”” lagueux,=”” litt.,=”” 13=”” june=”” 2005).=”” major=”” advance=”” modernizing=”” extraction=”” aquatic=”” was=”” realized=”” adoption=”” ley=”” de=”” pesca=”” y=”” acuicultura=”” nº=”” 489,=”” gazetted=”” on=”” 27=”” december=”” 2004,=”” its=”” implementing=”” regulation=”” decreto=”” 9-2005=”” reglamento=”” la=”” 25=”” february=”” 2005.=”” legislation=”” reaffirms=”” previous=”” relation=”” turtles,=”” such=”” requiring=”” excluder=”” devices=”” (teds)=”” shrimp=”” fishery,=”” expands=”” includes=”” establishment=”” specific=”” penalties=”” infractions.=”” based=”” law=”” several=”” three=”” four=”” species=”” occur=”” coast=”” fully=”” protected,=”” exception=”” being=”” green=”” turtle,=”” which=”” is,=”” permitted=”” be=”” subsistence=”” purposes=”” only=”” during=”” an=”” open=”” season.=”” closed=”” season=”” regulated=”” by=”” marena=”” extends=”” 1=”” march=”” 30=”” 2002).=”” particularly=”” noteworthy=”” amongst=”” 489=”” following:=”” •=”” “subsistence=”” fishing”=”” defined=”” conducted=”” without=”” commercial=”” purpose=”” but=”” aim=”” improving=”” family=”” diet;=”” regards=”” exploitation=”” sea,=”” there=”” must=”” respect=”” established=”” regions=”” constitution,=”” statute=”” autonomy=”” regulations=”” (art.=”” 4);=”” prohibited=”” market=”” (purchase,=”” sell,=”” process,=”” transport=”” international=”” markets)=”” 49):=”” fisheries=”” products,=”” provenance=”” precludes=”” marketed;=”” subject=”” prohibition=”” american=”” countries,=”” inventories=”” held=”” up=”” days=”” after=”” beginning=”” season;=”” treaties=”” party;=”” under=”” size=”” limits=”” prohibitions=”” competent=”” authority=”” result=”” threatened=”” extinction.=”” capture,=”” killing=”” any=”” (excepting=”” provisions,=”” see=”” below),=”” well=”” products=”” prohibited,=”” scientific=”” research=”” promulgated=”” convention=”” endangered=”” wild=”” fauna=”” flora=”” (cites)=”” 77);=”” fishers=”” comply=”” seasons=”” 94);=”” fishing=”” 96).=”” addition,=”” outlines=”” different=”” types=”” infractions=”” those=”” among=”” are:=”” intent=”” commercialize=”” product=”” (for=”” licence=”” required)=”” guise=”” fishing;=”” failure=”” deploy=”” teds;=”” possession=”” declared=”” (minimum=”” fine=”” 1000=”” us=”” dollars=”” [usd1000],=”” two=”” years=”” imprisonment);=”” processing=”” usd5000,=”” imprisonment).=”” include=”” following=”” provisions:=”” sole=”” obtaining=”” sustenance=”” direct=”” food=”” fisher=”” his=”” her=”” 104);=”” case=”” coast,=”” when=”” considered=”” law,=”” shall=”” implemented,=”” appropriate,=”” restrictions=”” arising=”” ensure=”” sustainability=”” resource,=”” benefit=”” community.=”” will=”” marena,=”” co-ordination=”” regional=”” authorities,=”” through=”” ministerial=”” resolution=”” 106).=”” excerpts=”” two-volume=”” compendium=”” nicaraguan=”” wildlife=”” hernández=”” munguía=”” (2002a=”” 2002b,=”” cited=”” campbell,=”” 2002a)=”” highlight=”” adopted=”” over=”” decades;=”” others=”” noted=”” cites=”” 2002):=”” caza,=”” 206=”” 1956=”” regulates=”” hunting=”” throughout=”” territory,=”” resolutions=”” establishing=”” seasons,=”” exclusion=”” zones=”” permissable=”” derived=”” activities.=”” explotación=”” prohibición=”” destrucción=”” las=”” tortugas,=”” 14=”” 29=”” august=”” 1958=”” prohibits=”” destruction=”” turtles.=”” requires=”” issuance=”” permit=”” collection=”” eggs=”” pacific=”” does=”” not=”” authorize=”” activities=”” aimed=”” at=”” industrial=”” eggs.=”” further,=”” transport,=”” nests=”” seasons.=”” ejecutivo=”” relativo=”” veda=”” tortugas=”” en=”” el=”” océano=”” atlántico=”” 204-drn=”” 12=”” july=”” 1972,=”” 15=”” annual=”” four-month=”” capture=”” april=”” 31=”” july,=”” time=”” illegal=”” buy,=”” display=”” sale,=”” possess=”” products.=”” provided=”” imposition=”” monetary=”” against=”” prohibitions.=”” aprehensión=”” caza=”” toda=”” clase=”” animales=”” silvestres=”” exportación=”” huevos=”” 625=”” 1977=”” “indefinitely=”” prohibits”=”” hunting,=”” export=”” (including=”” subproducts)=”” “all=”” classes=”” wildlife”=”” purposes;=”” period=”” 10=”” personal=”” consumption=”” internal=”” ministerio=”” agricultura=”” ganadería=”” (c.=”” 26=”” although=”” interpreted=”” instances=”” having=”” conferred=”” all=”” clearly=”” way=”” regulatory=”” least=”” so=”” far=”” fishery=”” concerned.=”” acuerdo=”” 2=”” 18=”” 1983=”” loggerheads=”” hawksbill=”” general=”” del=”” medio=”” ambiente=”” los=”” recursos=”” naturales,=”” 217=”” 1996=”” specifies=”” mandate=”” principal=”” responsible=”” controlling=”” use,=”” (see=”” below).=”” normalización=”” técnica=”” calidad,=”” 219=”” prepare=”” propose=”” technical=”” standards=”” commission=”” standardization=”” quality=”” approval.=”” resolución=”” que=”” establece=”” sistema=”” vedas=”” especies=”” nicaraguenses,=”” 007-99=”” 1999=”” establishes=”” system=”” prohibiting=”” take=”” species,=”” procedures=”” listing=”” either=”” temporary=”” indefinite=”” list=”” reviewed=”” published=”” annually=”” marena.=”” ban=”” except=”” turtle.=”” specimens=”” listed=”” where=”” authorized=”” purposes,=”” rearing=”” captivity,=”” artificial=”” reproduction=”” projects=”” approved=”” directorate=”” biodiversity=”” sustainable=”” 023-99=”” permanent=”” (lagueux=”” 2003).=”” para=”” uso=”” aparatos=”” exclusores=”” 002=”” 1998=”” nacional=”” foreign=”” boats=”” operating=”” waters=”” teds.=”” implemented=”” enforced=”” fomento,=”” industria=”” comercio=”” (mific).=”” violations=”” confiscation=”” fines=”” boat=”” captain’s=”” licences=”” repeat=”” offenders.=”” protect=”” include:=”” 43=”” 1991=”” designated=”” miskito=”” cays=”” immediate=”” biological=”” reserve,=”” thereby=”” conferring=”” area=”” great=”” importance=”” extensive=”” seagrass=”” beds=”” coral=”” reefs,=”” important=”” habitats=”” reserve=”” (and=”” along=”” coast)=”” (ruiz=”” jarquín,=”” 1997).=”” trawling=”” protected=”” areas,=”” specified=”” areas=”” law.=”” 527=”” 17=”” 1990=”” gran=”” reserva=”” biológica=”” indo-maiz,=”” once=”” nesting=”” (nietschmann,=”” 1973).=”” 8=”” import=”” implements=”” cites,=”” individual=”” appendix=”” i=”” raas=”” 192-02-04-00,=”” council=”” (the=”” supreme=”” governing=”” body)=”” raas,=”” authorizes=”” president=”” council’s=”” join=”” efforts=”” sites=”” (citesnicaragua,=”” 2002)=”” gives=”” “unconditional”=”” wcs’s=”” programme.=”” chacón=”” (in=”” litt.=”” september=”” reports=”” existence=”” agreement=”” between=”” government=”” regarding=”” coast.=”” [=”” su_tab]=”” =”” bowen,=”” b.w.,=”” bass,=”” a.l.,=”” garcia-rodriguez,=”” a.,=”” diez,=”” c.e.,=”” van=”” dam,=”” r.p.,=”” bolten,=”” bjorndal,=”” k.a.,=”” miyamoto,=”” m.m.,=”” ferl,=”” r.j.=”” 1996.=”” Origin of hawksbill turtles in a Caribbean feeding area as indicated by genetic markers. Ecol. Applications 6(2): 566-572.

Díaz-Fernández, R., Okayama, T., Uchiyama, T., Carrillo, E., Espinosa, G., Márquez, R., Diez, C.E., and Koike, H. 1999. Chelonia Conservation and Biology 3(2): 296-300.

Diez, C.E.; van Dam, R.P. 2002. In-water surveys of hawksbill turtles at Kuna Yala, Panama. Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 96: 10-13 pp.

Diez, C.E., van Dam, R.P. 2003. Sex Ratio of an Immature Hawksbill Seaturtle Aggregation at Mona Island, Puerto Rico. Journal of Herpetology,Vol. 37, No. 3: 533–537.

Diez, C.E., van Dam, R.P. 2002. Habitat effect on hawksbill turtle growth rates on feeding grounds at Mona and Monito Islands, Puerto Rico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 234: 301–309.

Fleming, E. H. 2001. Swimming Against the Tide: Recent surveys of exploitation, trade and management of marine turtles in the Northern Caribbean. Traffic North America 161 pages.

Mona and Monito Island – Puerto Rico Hawksbill Turtle Research Project. Research Report 2003

Van Dam, R.P. and C.E.Diez. 1999. Differential Tag Retention in Caribbean Hawksbill Turtles. Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 3(2): 225-229.

Van Dam, R.P. and Diez, C.E. 1996. Diving behavior of immature hawksbills (Eretmochelys imbricata) in a Caribbean cliff wall habitat. Marine Biology, November 1996, vol. 127, no. 1, p. 171-178.

Van Dam, R.P., Diez, C.E. 1997. Diving behavior of immature hawksbills on the reefs of Mona Island, Puerto Rico. Coral Reefs, June 1997, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 133-138.

Van Dam, R. P., Diez, C.E. 1997. Surfacing behavior of marine turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). Journal of Herpetology, June 1997, vol. 31, no. 2, p. 313-316.

Van Dam, R.P., Diez, C.E. 1997. Predation by hawksbill turtles on sponges at Mona Island, Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, 24-29 June 1996, Panamá. Vol 2, p. 1421-1426.

Van Dam, R.P., Diez, C.E. 1998. Home range of immature hawksbill turtles at two Caribbean Islands. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,Vol. 220, p. 15-24.

Van Dam, R.P., Diez, C.E 1998. Caribbean hawksbill turtle morphometrics. Bulletin of Marine Science, 62(1): 145-155 pp.

Van Dam, R.P.; C.E. Diez; G. H. Balazs; L. A. Colon; W.O. McMillan; B. Shroader. 2008. Sex specific migration patterns of hawksbills turtles breeding at Mona Island, Puerto Rico. Endangered Species Journal. Vol 3.

Velez-Zuazo, X., M. Rondon and C.E. Diez. 2002. First Record of Juvenile Leatherback Stranding in Mona Island, Puerto Rico. Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 99, page 18.

Velez-Zuazo, X., Ramos, W., van Dam, R. P., Diez, C.E., Serrano, X., Abreu-Grobois, A. and McMillan, W. O. 2008 Dispersal, recruitment and migratory behavior in a hawksbill sea turtle population. Molecular Ecology, accepted.

DEPARTAMENTO DE RECURSOS NATURALES Y AMBIENTALES
Puerto Rico Marine Protected Areas